JENA, La. — Columbia University graduate student  can be forced out of the country as a national security risk, an immigration judge in Louisiana ruled Friday after lawyers argued the legality of deporting the activist who participated in pro-Palestinian demonstrations.
The government’s contention that Khalil’s presence in the U.S. posed “potentially serious foreign policy consequences†satisfied requirements for deportation, Immigration Judge Jamee E. Comans said at a hearing in Jena.
Comans said the government “established by clear and convincing evidence that he is removable.â€
After the immigration court hearing, Khalil attorney Marc Van Der Hout told a New Jersey federal judge that Khalil will appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals within weeks.
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“So nothing is going to happen quickly,†he said.
FILE - Student negotiator Mahmoud Khalil is seen at a pro-Palestinian protest encampment on the Columbia University campus in New York, April 29, 2024. (AP Photo/Ted Shaffrey, File)
Addressing the judge at the end of the immigration hearing, Khalil recalled her saying at a  that “there's nothing more important to this court than due process rights and fundamental fairness."
“Clearly what we witnessed today, neither of these principles were present today or in this whole process,†he added. "This is exactly why the Trump administration has sent me to the court, 1,000 miles away from my family."
Van Der Hout, also criticized the hearing's fairness.
“Today, we saw our worst fears play out: Mahmoud was subject to a charade of due process, a flagrant violation of his right to a fair hearing, and a weaponization of immigration law to suppress dissent," Van Der Hout said in a statement.
Khalil, a legal U.S. resident, was  March 8 in the lobby of his university-owned apartment, the first arrest under President Donald Trump’s promised crackdown on students who joined campus protests against the war in Gaza.
Within a day, he was flown across the country to an immigration detention center in Jena, far from his attorneys and wife, a U.S. citizen due to give birth soon.
Khalil’s lawyers challenged the legality of his detention, saying the Trump administration is trying to block free speech protected by the First Amendment.
Secretary of State Marco Rubio cited a rarely used statute to justify Khalil’s deportation, which gives him power to deport those who pose “potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences for the United States.â€
At Friday’s hearing, Van Der Hout told the judge that the government’s submissions to the court prove the attempt to deport his client “has nothing to do with foreign policy†and said the government is trying to deport him for protected speech.
Khalil, a Palestinian born and raised in Syria after his grandparents were forcibly removed from their ancestral home in Tiberias, isn’t accused of breaking any laws during the protests at Columbia.
The government, however, has said noncitizens who participate in such demonstrations should be expelled from the country for expressing views that the administration considers to be antisemitic and “pro-Hamas,†referring to the Palestinian militant group that attacked Israel on Oct. 7, 2023.
Khalil, a 30-year-old international affairs graduate student, served as a negotiator and spokesperson for student activists at Columbia University who took over a campus lawn last spring to protest Israel’s military campaign in Gaza.
The university summoned police to dismantle the encampment after a small group of protesters seized an administration building. Khalil is not accused of participating in the building occupation and wasn’t among those arrested.
But images of his maskless face at protests and his willingness to share his name with reporters drew scorn from those who viewed the protesters and their demands as antisemitic. The White House accused Khalil of “siding with terrorists†but hasn't cited support for the claim.
Federal judges in New York and New Jersey ordered the government not to deport Khalil while his case plays out in multiple courts.
The Trump administration said it is taking at least $400 million in federal funding away from research programs at Columbia and its medical center to punish it for not adequately fighting what it considers to be antisemitism on campus.
Some Jewish students and faculty members complained about being harassed during the demonstrations or ostracized because of their faith or their support of Israel.
Immigration authorities cracked down on other critics of Israel on college campuses, arresting a  who spoke out on social media about the Israel-Gaza war, canceling the student visas of some protesters and  who they said attended the Lebanon funeral of a leader of Hezbollah, another militant group that fought with Israel.
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Brumback reported from Atlanta. Associated Press reporter Larry Neumeister in New York contributed.
A visual history of campus protests in the US
A visual history of campus protests in the US
The current wave of pro-Palestinian protests on college campuses has thrust the long history of student activism in the United States into the national spotlight.
The student-led rallies, encampments, and building takeovers that began at Columbia University in New York City on April 17 and spread to campuses nationwide are not without precedent. Nor are the varied outcomes of the protests. From authorities clamping down on protestors to instances of violence and destruction—and, in some cases, peaceful resolution—echoes of the past are present in pro-Palestinian demonstrations today.
curated a collection of photographs of student-led demonstrations from the last century to contextualize the history of protest movements on American college campuses.
Campus protests trace back at least a century to Fisk University, where against then-campus President Fayette McKenzie served as a precursor to the Civil Rights Movement. From hunger strikes during the Vietnam War to recent "die-ins" pushing for gun control reform, campus activism has long challenged political and social norms, often bringing simmering issues to the forefront of public consciousness.
College protests have long drawn attention to issues of racial and gender equity, at times advancing or pushing back against legislation. In 1976, the women's crew team at Yale staged a "strip-in" to protest their lack of resources, an early flex of Title XI legislation. Nearly five decades later, students at the University of Austin, Texas, marched for a different sort of autonomy, going to the State Capitol in protest of the state's impending sweeping abortion ban.
Pro-Palestinian protestors say their goals include expressing solidarity with Palestinian rights and raising awareness about the rising death toll and ongoing humanitarian crisis in Gaza. Some groups are calling for universities to sever financial ties with companies they see as benefiting from Israel's military campaign in Gaza, an offensive launched in response to the Oct. 7, 2023, attacks.
Not all protests have proceeded—or ended—peacefully. Some students have offered stark examples of protests that cross the line from criticism of Israel into antisemitism. Classmates, in certain instances, attest to the hostile environment for Jewish students and threats to their safety.
After weeks of escalating tensions on campuses, in early May, law enforcement was called in at various universities across the country to break up pro-Palestinian encampments and disperse students. Some resulted in skirmishes and arrests; others took a violent turn. At least four universities, however, have seen peaceful outcomes. At Rutgers University in New Jersey and Brown University in Rhode Island, students agreed to dismantle encampments after .
While commentators have been quick to draw parallels between 2024 and the social justice movements of 1968, making historical comparisons is always thorny—particularly when complex issues are reduced to single events or examples.
The current movement faces a particular challenge in balancing students' right to congregate and speak freely with the right for all students to feel safe on campus. Each movement is unique, as the photos below attest.
1933: Columbia University students strike in defense of 'academic freedom'
In 1933, Columbia failed to reappoint Donald Henderson, an economics instructor who was ostensibly let go because of his role as a Columbia Social Problems Club leader. In other words, Henderson liaised with communists or was one himself. Protesters in support of Henderson fought hand-to-hand with supporters of the opposition, and police broke up the fighting with nightsticks. Even famed Mexican artist Diego Rivera got in on the action.
1940: Students for Peace protest America's involvement in WWII
While many World War II images depict young people proudly going off to serve their country, there was opposition among them. Campus groups like Students for Peace Against Involvement of America in War and early pacifist organizations like the War Resisters League set the foundation for "revolutionary nonviolence." Student concerns included imperialism, colonialism, and profiteering from war.
1968: UC Berkeley's anti-draft 'Vietnam Commencement'
In a somber ceremony, thousands of students attended an anti-draft "Vietnam Commencement'' at the University of California, Berkeley, where some pledged to refuse military service. The 1968 ceremony, which resembled a graduation, took place in Berkeley's Sproul Hall, the current site of a pro-Palestinaian sit-in. The school had already been famous for protests in 1964 during the student-led Free Speech Movement (anti-war, civil rights). Though the Vietnam War would drag on for another six years, 1968 was an inflection point for conscientious objectors, often young men ages 18 to 35 eligible for conscription under the Selective Service Act.
1968: Howard University students call for radical administration change
In 1968, Howard University students took over an administrative building to demand drastic changes at the storied historically Black university. Among their conditions were a greater emphasis on African-American studies and a change in administrative leadership. "—we want you to say publicly what you think about these issues," Adrienne Manns Israel, one of the original protest organizers, told the Zinn Education Project.
1968: Students for a Democratic Society occupies Hamilton Hall at Columbia University
Protests culminated from the Civil Rights Movement, anti-Vietnam War sentiment, and the discovery that Columbia was financially tied to arms supporting the Vietnam War. More than 1,000 protesters took over five buildings and the dean was taken hostage. The events at Columbia were later called "" in historian Mark D. Naison's 2002 memoir, "White Boy."
1969: Black Student Strike at the UW Madison
During the same period of the uprising, the Black Students Strike at the University of Wisconsin–Madison pushed the administration to comply with a list of , including instituting a Black Studies Department and admitting at least 500 Black students the next semester. During the two-week protest, the governor activated the Wisconsin National Guard, a move that galvanized even more protesters to come out and march to the capital.
1969: Central State University students assemble in Columbus, Ohio, to oppose admissions policies
As the in the nation and the site of a stop on the Underground Railroad, Central State University has activism in its DNA. In 1969, students pressed the administration for more funding and an end to the limit on students admitted from out of state. During a meeting on the steps of the State House, students showed solidarity with the black power salute.
1970: GW University students carry on anti-war demonstrations near Watergate complex in DC
George Washington University, once dubbed the "Holiday Inn of the Revolution" for hosting anti-war protestors in dorms, has a long history of campus activism dating back to the Civil War. During the Vietnam era, anti-war demonstrators faced off with DC Metro police as they marched to the locus of Republican power, the Watergate Complex (interestingly, designed by Mussolini's favored architect) that soon would become notorious for the eponymous scandal.
1970: Protests erupt following Kent State shootings
May 4, 1970, is branded in national memory as a day of tragedy at Kent State University. During a protest calling for the end of the war in Vietnam, the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd, killing four students and injuring nine. Other students were met with tear gas and rubber bullets. The horrific event became a flashpoint in the national upheaval over the United States' involvement in Southeast Asia.
1970: Students protest racial injustice at Jackson State College
Weeks after the Kent State shootings, another tragedy took place at a protest against racial injustice outside of Alexander Hall at Jackson State College in Mississippi. Students at the historically Black college were gathered by the dormitory—some protesting, others not—when the police opened fire. Two students were killed and 15 wounded. The incident didn't receive as much public attention as Kent State, the officers were never charged, and the Black families of the victims were not awarded damages.
1985: Students camp out at Columbia University's Hamilton Hall to protest apartheid
During the Anti-Apartheid Movement, protestors at Columbia University demanded that the university withdraw its investments in South Africa. The protest would set a precedent at the school, where calls for divestment continued into the 21st century when Columbia withdrew investment funds from fossil fuels and private prison companies after student campaigns. Pro-Palestinian protestors occupied the same building to call for divestment from Israel , almost exactly to the day.
1999: University of Minnesota students demand action regarding sexual conduct investigations
Long before the #MeToo movement, members of feminist and advocacy groups raised awareness about violence against women by staging demonstrations at the University of Minnesota to protest the protection of athletes accused of sexual misconduct. Among them included the Gender Liberation Action Front and advocates against sexual violence, who led a peaceful demonstration while demanding action against athletic officials who allegedly intervened in assault and sexual conduct investigations involving athletes.
2014: Washington University students protest to draw attention to police abuse
When Michael Brown, an unarmed Black man, was killed in Ferguson, Missouri, by white police officer Darren Wilson, protesters at nearby Washington University in St. Louis raised awareness about ongoing police injustices with "hands up" walkouts. Later that year, when a grand jury determined Wilson would not face criminal charges, protests erupted across the nation and thrust the Black Lives Matter movement into the national spotlight.
2017: Emerson College students walk out to protest on-campus racism
In 2017, about 200 Emerson College students walked out of class to protest the administration's inadequate response to racism on campus. Marching to a nearby theater where about 80 faculty members were gathered, they chanted, "No more oppression, no microaggressions," and called for the administration to do more than go beyond "surface-level progress."
2018: Student activists lead 'die-in' protesting gun violence at NYU
In 2018, New York University students participated in a "die-in" on the 20th anniversary of the 1999 Columbine High School mass shooting. They were joined by activists from around the nation demonstrating their frustration with relentless gun violence by protesting with stillness and silence on campuses and in public spaces. Driven by young people, movements like March for Our Lives amplified calls for gun control reform and pushed for legislation in recent years.
So far, as of April 2024, there have been this year alone, resulting in 26 deaths.
Story editing by Nicole Caldwell. Copy editing by Paris Close. Photo selection by Michael Flocker.
A visual history of campus protests in the US
1970: GW University students carry on anti-war demonstrations near Watergate complex in DC
George Washington University, once dubbed the "Holiday Inn of the Revolution" for hosting anti-war protestors in dorms, has a long history of campus activism dating back to the Civil War. During the Vietnam era, anti-war demonstrators faced off with DC Metro police as they marched to the locus of Republican power, the Watergate Complex (interestingly, designed by Mussolini's favored architect) that soon would become notorious for the eponymous scandal.
